Overview

Stuttering, also known as stammering or childhood-onset fluency disorder, is a speech disorder characterized by frequent and significant problems with speech fluency and flow. People who stutter have difficulty saying what they want to say, often repeating or prolonging words or sounds. Stuttering is common among young children as a part of language development, but it can become a chronic condition for some individuals.

While most children outgrow developmental stuttering, some may experience persistent stuttering into adulthood, which can impact self-esteem and social interactions. Treatment options, such as speech therapy, electronic devices to improve speech fluency, or cognitive behavioral therapy, can be beneficial for children and adults who stutter.

Symptoms

The signs and symptoms of stuttering may include:

• Difficulty starting a word, phrase, or sentence
• Prolonging a word or sounds within a word
• Repetition of a sound, syllable, or word
• Pauses or breaks within a word
• Addition of extra words like "um" to anticipate difficulty in moving to the next word
• Tension, tightness, or movement of the face or upper body during speech
• Anxiety about talking
• Limited ability to effectively communicate

Stuttering may also be accompanied by physical symptoms like rapid eye blinks, lip or jaw tremors, facial tics, head jerks, or clenched fists.

Stuttering can worsen in certain situations, such as when feeling excited, tired, stressed, self-conscious, hurried, or pressured. However, most people who stutter can speak fluently when talking to themselves, singing, or speaking in unison with others.

When to Seek Help

For children between 2 and 5 years of age, temporary stuttering is common as they learn to speak. However, if stuttering persists or worsens, and if it affects the child's ability to communicate effectively or is accompanied by muscle tightening, seeking help is essential.

Parents should consider contacting a doctor or speech-language pathologist if stuttering lasts for more than six months, occurs with other speech or language problems, becomes more frequent over time, or affects the child's school, work, or social interactions. Additionally, if stuttering starts in adulthood, seeking professional help is advisable.

Causes

The exact causes of developmental stuttering are not fully understood, but a combination of factors may be involved. Some possible causes include abnormalities in speech motor control, such as timing and coordination, and genetic factors.

Stuttering can also result from other causes, such as brain disorders or emotional distress. Neurogenic stuttering may occur after a stroke or traumatic brain injury, while psychogenic stuttering is rare and not the same as developmental stuttering.

Risk Factors

Males are more likely to stutter than females, and other risk factors include delayed childhood development, having relatives who stutter, and experiencing stress or pressure.

Complications

Stuttering can lead to difficulties in communication, anxiety about speaking, avoidance of speaking situations, social and academic challenges, bullying, and low self-esteem.